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''Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights'' (1938) is a libretto for an opera by the American modernist playwright and poet Gertrude Stein. For avant-garde theatre artists from the United States, the text has formed something of a rite of passage—the Judson Poets' Group, The Living Theatre, Richard Foreman, Robert Wilson, The Wooster Group, and Production Workshop at Brown University have all produced versions. The libretto premiered as a play at Beaver College (now Arcadia University) in 1951 at the launch of the college's theatre program. Stein wrote the piece during what critics often refer to as the final or narrative period of her playwriting career. From 1932 onwards, she had begun to rediscover and reintegrate stories into her dramatic writing, an element hitherto she has worked studiously to exclude. In a letter to Carl Van Vechten she identified her work on this text as marking something of a breakthrough: "I have been struggling with this problem of dramatic narrative and in (Faustus Lights the Lights'' ) I think I got it."〔Ryan (1984, 55).〕 Despite her new-found use for narrative, Stein did not, as Ryan puts it, "leap foolishly into ordinary comprehensibility."〔Ryan (1984, 56)〕 The structure of action in ''Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights'' does not resemble that which is traditionally thought to constitute a play. The progressive development of a coherent plot that unfolds through the interaction between a configuration of figures is, however, just discernible. These include Faustus' relationship to Mephisto, Faustus and Marguerite Ida and Helena Annabel, and the pairings of minor characters (Boy and Dog, Boy and Girl, Dog Mephisto and Viper, Country Woman Viper and MIHA, the Man from Overseas and Faustus, he and MIHA). The text, though, does not allow for so stable a diagramming or such coherent identities. Like the speech-headings in Elizabethan and Jacobean texts, Stein describes her characters in a number of different ways, suggesting some degree of multiplicity in her conception of dramatic character (one that is most obviously and explicitly present in the multiple characterization of "Marguerite Ida and Helena Annabel"). The play adopts a number of textual strategies that presuppose a relationship to performance, though it is performance conceived in a distinctly modernist way: as ''spatial meaning'' (like Artaud's ''mise en scène'' or Brecht's Gestus), ''self-referential'' (as Beckett's work increasingly became or as in Brechtian quotation), and unconstrained by any adherence to the ''conventions'' associated with traditional dramatic literature (from which each of these practitioners have displayed varying degrees of independence). Like Beckett, Stein is interested in an aesthetic of surfaces—of formal elements interacting in space—which do not serve the traditional purpose of the imitation of action. The aesthetic assumptions about performance embodied in ''Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights'' and the ambiguity in its textual composition produce elements unanchored from a referential process towards any reality other than its own occasion; it suggests a fully self-referential performance. The piece opens with Faustus (his precise name shifts and alters during the course of the drama) looking out from the doorway to his study, which streams with intense white light from beyond, when Mephisto appears: :''Faustus growls out.''—The devil what the devil what do I care if the devil is there. :''Mephisto says.'' But Doctor Faustus dear yes I am here. :''Doctor Faustus.'' What do I care there is no here nor there. What am I. I am Doctor Faustus who knows everything can do everything and you say it was through you but not at all, if I had not been in a hurry and if I had taken my time I would have known how to make white electric light and day-light and night light and what did I do I saw you miserable devil I saw you and I was deceived and I believed miserable devil I thought I needed you, and I thought I was tempted by the devil and I know no temptation is tempting unless the devil tells you so. And you wanted my soul what the hell did you want my soul for, how do you know I have a soul, who says so nobody says so but you the devil and everybody knows the devil is all lies, so how do you know how do I know that I have a soul to sell how do you know Mr. Devil oh Mr. Devil how can you tell you can not tell anything and I I who know everything I keep on having so much light that light is not bright and what after all is the use of light, you can see just as well without it, you can go around just as well without it you can get up and go to bed just as well without it, and I I wanted to make it and the devil take it yes you devil you do not even want it and I sold my soul to make it. I have made it but have I a soul to pay for it. :''Mephisto coming nearer and trying to pat his arm.'' :Yes dear Doctor Faustus yes of course you have a soul of course you have, do not believe them when they say the devil lies, you know the devil never lies, he deceives oh yes he deceives but that is not lying no dear please dear Doctor Faustus do not say the devil lies." :''Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights'' (act one, scene one) Despite this opening, however, Stein proceeds to marginalize the Faustian struggle between good and evil within the breast of Man, which is traditionally played out through the relation between Faustus and Mephistophles, in favour of a conflict (if the play can be said to have a dramatic conflict in the traditional sense of the word) between Faustus and "Marguerite Ida and Helena Annabel." In ''Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights,'' Stein—a highly-experimental modernist writer—dramatizes an archetypal modernist myth (of Man's uneasy relationship with his machines) from the competing—and gendered—perspective(s) of the multiple woman. ==Works cited== * Bowers, Jane Palatini. 1991. ''"They Watch Me as They Watch This":Gertrude Stein's Metadrama''. Philadelphia: University of Pennstlvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3057-4. * Marranca, Bonnie. 1994. "Introduction: Presence of Mind." In ''Last Operas and Plays'' by Gertrude Stein. Ed. Carl van Vechten. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8018-4985-3. p. vii–xxvii. * Ryan, Betsy Alayne. 1984. ''Gertrude Stein's Theatre of the Absolute''. Theater and Dramatic Studies Ser., 21. Ann Arbor and London: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-2021-7. * Stein, Gertrude. 1922. ''Geography and Plays.'' Mineola, NY: Dover, 1999. ISBN 0-486-40874-4. * ---. 1932. ''Operas and Plays''. Barrytown NY: Station Hill Arts, 1998. ISBN 1-886449-16-3. * ---. 1949. ''Last Operas and Plays''. Ed. Carl van Vechten. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8018-4985-3. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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